Brian Leiter The Top 40 Law Faculties Based on Per Capita Scholarly Impact (Citations), 2003-04

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July 16, 2003

This is a ranking of the top 40 law faculties based on a standard “objective” measure of scholarly impact: per capita citations to faculty scholarship. We looked only at the top quarter of each faculty, largely for logistical reasons--it made the study more manageable--but partly because the scholarly standing of a school depends more on its best faculty, than its average.

Impact was measured using Westlaw's JRL database rather than TP-ALL, since the latter includes on-line versions of treatises (for example, Wright & Miller on Federal Practice & Procedure) and thus would artificially inflate the counts for schools at which these treatise authors teach. Names were searched as,

Brian /2 Leiter

except where multiple middle initials or similar factors made necessary a wider scope. To guard against false positives with common names, ten to twenty of the "hits" were reviewed; the percentage that were false positives was then multiplied against the total number of hits returned, and that amount was subtracted from the citation total. To fix the top quarter it was, of course, necessary to search one-third to one-half of the faculty. The citation counts were completed over the course of several days in July 2003—roughly, five years after the study that was published in Journal of Legal Studies in 2000--thus obviating the need for adjustments in the counts to reflect changes in the size of the database.

Impact as measured by citations has important limitations as a proxy for scholarly reputation, and it is worth noting those in detail before going further. Why might the correlation between impact and actual academic quality break down? Richard

Since many frequently cited articles are cited because they contain succinct statements of boilerplate propositions of law or of a particular academic approach to some set of issues, or because they fall squarely within a particular academic paradigm whose proponents make a practice of citing each other, the frequency of an author's citations has little to do with his influence, much less with the quality of his work. (“The Professional Assessment of Legal Academics,” 48 Journal of Legal Education, 417, 423-4 [1998].)

Although Markovits leaps too quickly to his conclusion, he has certainly identified a genuine worry about the use of citations. Indeed, we might identify six kinds of phenomena at work here which skew the correlation between citation and quality.

First, there is the industrious drudge: the competent but uninspired scholar who simply churns out huge amounts of writing in his or her field. Citation practices of law reviews being what they are, the drudge quickly reaches the threshold level of visibility at which one is obliged to cite his or her work in the obligatory early footnotes of any article in that field. The work is neither particularly good, nor especially creative or groundbreaking, but it is there and everyone knows it is there and it must be duly acknowledged.

Second, there is the treatise writer, whose treatise is standardly cited because like the output of the drudge it is a recognized reference point in the literature. Unlike the drudge, the authors of leading treatises are generally very accomplished scholars, but with the devaluation of doctrinal work over the past twenty years, an outstanding treatise writer--with a few exceptions--is not necessarily highly regarded as a legal scholar.

Third, there is the “academic surfer,” who surfs the wave of the latest fad to sweep the legal academy, and thus piles up citations because law reviews, being creatures of fashion, give the fad extensive exposure. Any study counting citations, depending on when it is conducted, runs the risk of registering the "impact" of the fad in disproportion to its scholarly merit or long-term value or interest.

Fourth, there is work that is cited because it constitutes “the classic mistake”: some work is so wrong, or so bad, that everyone acknowledges it for that reason. The citation and organizational preferences of student-edited law reviews exacerbate this problem. Since the typical law-review article must first reinvent the wheel, by surveying what has come before, the classic mistake will earn an obligatory citation in article after article in a particular field, even though the point of the article may be to show how wrong the classic mistake is. True, some authors of classic mistakes may have excellent reputations; but who among us aspires to be best remembered for a "grand" mistake?

Fifth, citation tallies are skewed towards more senior faculty, so that faculties with lots of “bright young things” (as the Dean of one famous law school likes to call top young scholars) won’t fare as well, while faculties with once-productive dinosaurs will.

Sixth, citation studies are highly field-sensitive. Law reviews publish lots on constitutional law, and very little on tax. Scholars in the public law fields or who work in critical theory get lots of cites; scholars who work on trusts, comparative law, and legal philosophy do not.

So for all these reasons, one would expect scholarly impact to be an imperfect measure of scholarly quality. But an imperfect measure may still be an adequate measure, and that is almost certainly true of citation rates as a proxy for impact as a proxy for reputation or quality.

The overall ranking was based not only on mean per capita impact for the top quarter of each faculty, but also the median per capita impact. This was to guard against the distorting effect of having one or two faculty with enormously high citation counts on an otherwise low-cited faculty. (The data on mean and median per capita impact follow the overall ranking.) The final score—the basis for the “overall” ranking that follows--is the sum of the normalized scores for mean and median per capita impact divided by two. For ease of reference, results of the Spring 2003 EQR reputational survey are included in the far right column.

Brian Leiter's Overall Top 40 Based on Mean and Median Per Capita Impact, 2003-04

Rank	School	Score	Reputation Rank
1	University of Chicago	100	2 (4.7)
2	Yale University	62	1 (4.8)
3	Harvard University	55	2 (4.7)
4	Stanford University	52	4 (4.5)
5	Columbia University	44	5 (4.3)
6	University of California, Berkeley	40	7 (4.2)
7	New York University	37	5 (4.3)
8	Georgetown University	34	12 (3.8)
9	Cornell University	28	14 (3.7)
10	University of Michigan	25	8 (4.1)
11	University of Texas, Austin	24	8 (4.1)
	University of Virginia	24	10 (4.0)
13	Northwestern University	22	14 (3.7)
	University of Pennsylvania	22	11 (3.9)
15	Duke University	20	17 (3.5)
	University of Colorado, Boulder	20	40 (2.5)
	University of Miami	20	40 (2.5)
18	Emory University	19	29 (2.8)
	University of California, Los Angeles	19	14 (3.7)
20	George Washington University	18	22 (3.1)
21	University of Illinois	17	22 (3.1)
	University of Southern California	17	12 (3.8)
23	George Mason University	16	26 (3.0)
	Vanderbilt University	16	18 (3.4)
25	Arizona State University	15	40 (2.5)
	Boston University	15	19 (3.3)
	Brooklyn Law School	15	46 (2.4)
	University of Arizona	15	40 (2.5)
	University of Minnesota	15	21 (3.2)
30	University of Pittsburgh	14	N/A (2.2)
	University of San Diego	14	22 (3.1)
	Washington University, St. Louis	14	29 (2.8)
33	Cardozo Law School	13	28 (2.9)
	Chicago-Kent College of Law	13	37 (2.6)
	Fordham University	13	26 (3.0)
	Ohio State University	13	32 (2.7)
	University of Iowa	13	19 (3.3)
38	University of California, Davis	12	32 (2.7)
	University of California, Hastings	12	29 (2.8)
	University of Wisconsin, Madison	12	22 (3.1)
	Other Schools Studied (some schools not studied might have performed comparably)
	Indiana University, Bloomington	11	40 (2.5)
	University of Florida	11	46 (2.4)
	University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill	11	32 (2.7)
	Boston College	10	32 (2.7)
	University of Notre Dame	10	46 (2.4)
	Washington & Lee University	10	32 (2.7)
	College of William & Mary	9	37 (2.6)
	Rutgers University, Camden	9	37 (2.6)
	Rutgers University, Newark	9	46 (2.4)

What should one make of the discrepancies between per capita citation rates and reputation scores? In my opinion, for example, Chicago is clearly not the best law faculty in the country, and Yale is. Chicago’s dominance in the citation measure brings out some of the weaknesses of the measure, notably its inability to distinguish between quantity and quality. To be sure, much of the work at Chicago (and Harvard and Stanford etc.) is of high quality, but the quantity in almost every case is higher. This is why informed scholarly judgment by leading experts is important for the evaluation of the intellectual caliber of faculties.

Any school strong in a “high citation” field—like the critical theories of law—will fare well in this kind of study as well, even though opinion about the quality of this kind of work varies widely, and is more likely to surface in a reputational study than a citation study (cf. citation and reputation results for, e.g., Georgetown and Pittsburgh). (Lists of the most cited faculty by school, and their areas of expertise, follow below, and allow a student to see which faculty, in what areas, account for a school’s strong showing.)

In other cases, the differences have simple explanations: for example, since the reputational survey, Emory added Martha Fineman from Cornell, a leading (and much-cited) figure in family law and feminist legal theory.

Brian Leiter's Ranking by Mean Per Capita Impact for the Top Quarter of Each Faculty

All per capita scores were rounded to the nearest 10. The 1998 mean per capita impact rank for the top quarter of each faculty comes from Brian Leiter, “Measuring the Academic Distinction of Law Faculties,” 39 Journal of Legal Studies 451, 489 (2000). N/A means the school was not in the top 40 in 1998.

Rank	School	Per Capita Cite Amount	Normalized Score	1998 Impact Rank
1	University of Chicago	4350	100	1
2	Yale University	2250	52	2
3	Harvard University	2000	46	3
4	Stanford University	1710	39	4
5	Univ. of California, Berkeley	1480	34	9
6	Columbia University	1360	31	8
	New York University	1350	31	5
8	Georgetown University	1220	28	11
9	Cornell University	1060	24	7
10	University of Michigan	930	21	10
11	Univ. of Pennsylvania	850	20	13
	Univ. of Texas, Austin	860	20	14
13	Northwestern University	810	19	15
14	University of Miami	790	18	23
	University of Virginia	780	18	17
16	Duke University	700	16	18
	Emory University	700	16	39
	Univ. of California, Los Angeles	680	16	19
	Univ. of Southern California	710	16	21
20	George Mason University	650	15	24
21	George Washington University	600	14	25
	University of Colorado, Boulder	610	14	12
	University of Illinois	610	14	16
24	University of Iowa	550	13	22
	University of Pittsburgh	570	13	N/A
	Vanderbilt University	570	13	28
27	Boston University	540	12	33
	Chicago-Kent College of Law	510	12	34
	University of Arizona	540	12	20
	University of Minnesota	520	12	6
	University of San Diego	500	12	N/A
	Washington University, St. Louis	540	12	38
33	Arizona State University	490	11	N/A
	Brooklyn Law School	480	11	32
	Univ. of California, Davis	480	11	35
36	Cardozo Law School	440	10	40
	Fordham University	430	10	N/A
	Ohio State University	440	10	N/A
39	Rutgers University, Camden	390	9	36
	Univ. of California, Hastings	390	9	N/A
	University of Florida	390	9	N/A
	University of North Carolina	400	9	N/A
	Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison	390	9	26
	Other Schools Studied
	Indiana University, Bloomington	360	8	30
	College of William & Mary	340	8	N/A
	Boston College	330	8	N/A
	University of Notre Dame	330	8	27
	Rutgers University, Newark	310	7	37
	Washington & Lee University	300	7	N/A

Brian Leiter's Ranking by the Median Per Capita Impact for the Top Quarter of Each Faculty

Rank	School	Per Capita Cite Amount	Normalized Score
1	University of Chicago	2540	100
2	Yale University	1810	71
3	Stanford University	1620	64
4	Harvard University	1590	63
5	Columbia University	1435	57
6	Univ. of California, Berkeley	1175	46
7	New York University	1060	42
8	Georgetown University	985	39
9	Cornell University	805	32
10	University of Michigan	740	29
	University of Virginia	735	29
12	University of Texas, Austin	705	28
13	Northwestern University	625	25
	University of Colorado, Boulder	640	25
15	Duke University	610	24
	University of Pennsylvania	620	24
17	Emory University	555	22
	George Washington University	555	22
	University of Miami	550	22
20	Univ. of California, Los Angeles	535	21
21	University of Illinois	500	20
22	Arizona State University	480	19
	Brooklyn Law School	480	19
24	Boston University	445	18
	University of Arizona	450	18
	University of Minnesota	465	18
	Vanderbilt University	460	18
28	Univ. of Southern California	430	17
29	Fordham University	410	16
	George Mason University	395	16
31	Cardozo Law School	390	15
	Ohio State University	390	15
	Univ. of California, Hastings	370	15
	University of San Diego	370	15
35	Chicago-Kent College of Law	350	14
	University of Pittsburgh	350	14
	Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison	355	14
38	Indiana University, Bloomington	320	13
	Univ. of California, Davis	340	13
	University of Florida	340	13
	University of Iowa	325	13
	Other Schools Studied
	Washington & Lee University	315	12
	University of North Carolina	300	12
	Boston College	290	11
	University of Notre Dame	300	12
	Rutgers University, Newark	265	10
	College of William & Mary	240	9
	Rutgers University, Camden	240	9

Below are the lists of the most cited faculty at each school, with a brief description of their areas, using the following (crude) categories:

Public: constitutional law, legislation, administrative law, civil rights, federal Indian law.
Private: contracts, torts, property.
Procedure: civil procedure, complex litigation, evidence.
Family: family law, marital relations, children’s rights.
Health: health law, bioethics, disability law.
International: international law
IP: intellectual property, patents, Cyberlaw, copyright, trademarks, computer law.
Comparative: comparative law
Criminal: criminal law and procedure
Law & Econ: law and economics, public choice theory, positive political theory, behavioral law and economics
Law & Social Science: poli sci, psychology, sociology, anthropology.
Jurisprudence: legal philosophy and non-philosophical legal theory.
Critical Theories: Critical Legal Studies, feminist legal theory, Critical Race Theory, Gay Legal Studies, Postmodern legal theory
Business: corporate, securities, commercial law, bankruptcy, antitrust
Environmental: self-explanatory, plus natural resource
Labor/Employment: self-explanatory.
Legal Ethics: also includes professional responsibility and legal profession
Legal History: self-explanatory
Wills: wills, trusts and/or estates
Tax: self-explanatory

An * indicates a part-time faculty member.

Remember that these lists are tilted heavily towards more senior faculty, because of the measure (total citations). In every case, these lists omit faculty who would, by common consensus, be regarded as equally or more distinguished than those who make the lists. The omissions are attributable to the predictable factors: primarily, seniority and areas of expertise.

1. University of Chicago

Faculty member	Areas
David P. Currie	Public
* Frank Easterbrook	Business, Law & Econ
Richard A. Epstein	Public, Private, Law & Econ
Daniel R. Fischel	Business, Law & Econ
William M. Landes	Law & Econ
* Catharine MacKinnon	Critical Theories, Public
* Richard A. Posner	Law & Econ, Private, Jurisprudence
Geoffrey R. Stone	Public
Cass R. Sunstein	Public

2. Yale University

Faculty member	Areas
Bruce A. Ackerman	Public
Akhil Reed Amar	Public
Ian Ayres	Law & Econ
* Guido Calabresi	Law & Econ, Private
Stephen L. Carter	Public
Robert C. Ellickson	Law & Econ, Private
William N. Eskridge	Public, Critical Theories
Owen M. Fiss	Public
Anthony T. Kronman	Private, Legal Ethics, Jurisprudence
Jerry L. Mashaw	Public
Robert C. Post	Public
George L. Priest	Law & Econ, Business, Private
Peter H. Schuck	Public

3. Harvard University

Faculty member	Areas
Lucian Bebchuk	Business, Law & Econ
Richard H. Fallon, Jr.	Public
Charles Fried	Public
Mary Ann Glendon	Comparative, Public
Lani Guinier	Critical Theories, Public
Morton J. Horwitz	Legal History, Critical Theories
Louis Kaplow	Law & Econ
Duncan Kennedy	Critical Theories
Randall L. Kennedy	Public
Reinier H. Kraakman	Business, Law & Econ
Frank I. Michelman	Public
Arthur R. Miller	Procedure
Martha L. Minow	Critical Theories, Public
Robert H. Mnookin	Family, ADR
David L. Shapiro	Public, Procedure
Steven Shavell	Law & Econ, Private
Laurence H. Tribe	Public
Roberto M. Unger	Critical Theories
Detlev F. Vagts	International
Paul Weiler	Labor/Employment

4. Stanford University

Faculty member	Areas
Lawrence M. Friedman	Legal History
* Ronald J. Gilson	Business, Law & Econ
Paul Goldstein	IP
Thomas C. Grey	Public, Jurisprudence
Mark G. Kelman	Critical Theories
Lawrence Lessig	Public, IP
A. Mitchell Polinsky	Law & Econ
Margaret Jane Radin	IP, Critical Theories
Deborah L. Rhode	Legal Ethics
Kathleen M. Sullivan	Public

5. Columbia University

Faculty member	Areas
John C. Coffee, Jr.	Business, Law & Econ, Procedure
* Kimberle Crenshaw	Critical Theories, Public
Michael C. Dorf	Public
Allan Farnsworth	Private
George P. Fletcher	Criminal
Ronald J. Gilson	Business, Law & Econ
Jane C. Ginsburg	IP
R. Kent Greenawalt	Public, Jurisprudence
Samuel Issacharoff	Public, Procedure, Law & Econ
Thomas W. Merrill	Public, Private
Henry P. Monaghan	Public
Joseph Raz	Jurisprudence
William H. Simon	Legal Ethics, Critical Theories
Peter L. Strauss	Public
Jeremy J. Waldron	Jurisprudence
Patricia J. Williams	Critical Theories

6. University of California, Berkeley

Faculty member	Areas
Kathryn Abrams	Critical Theories, Public
Jesse H. Choper	Public
Robert Cooter	Law & Econ
Melvin A. Eisenberg	Business, Public
Daniel A. Farber	Public, Environmental
Philip Frickey	Public
Angela P. Harris	Critical Theories
Herma Hill Kay	Procedure, Critical Theories
Mark A. Lemley	IP
Robert P. Merges	IP
Pamela Samuelson	IP
Stephen Sugarman	Private
Oliver Williamson	Law & Econ
Franklin Zimring	Criminal

7. New York University

Faculty member	Areas
Anthony G. Amsterdam	Criminal
Derrick A. Bell, Jr.	Critical Theories, Public
Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss	Procedure, IP
Ronald Dworkin	Jurisprudence, Public
Samuel Estreicher	Labor/Employment
Barry Friedman	Public
Stephen Gillers	Legal Ethics
Carol Gilligan	Critical Theories
Henry Hansmann	Business, Law & Econ
Lewis A. Kornhauser	Law & Econ
Larry Kramer	Public, Procedure
Andreas F. Lowenfeld	International
Theodor Meron	International
Geoffrey P. Miller	Business, Law & Econ, Jurisprudence
William E. Nelson	Legal History
Burt Neuborne	Public
Richard H. Pildes	Public
Richard L. Revesz	Environmental, Law & Econ
David A.J. Richards	Public
Stephen Schulhofer	Criminal
Richard B. Stewart	Public, Environmental

8. Georgetown University

Faculty member	Areas
T. Alexander Aleinikoff	Public
Barry E. Carter	International
David D. Cole	Public
Lawrence Gostin	Health
John H. Jackson	International
Vicki C. Jackson	Public, Comparative
Neal K. Katyal	Public
Donald C. Langevoort	Business
Charles R. Lawrence	Critical Theories, Public
Richard J. Lazarus	Environmental
David J. Luban	Legal Ethics
Mari J. Matsuda	Critical Theories
Carrie J. Menkel-Meadow	Law & Social Science, Critical Theories
Gary Peller	Critical Theories, Public
Robert Pitofsky	Business
Steven C. Salop	Law & Econ
Louis Michael Seidman	Public
Mark V. Tushnet	Public, Critical Theories, Legal History
Edith Brown Weiss	International
Robin L. West	Public, Critical Theories

9. Cornell University

Faculty Member	Areas
Gregory S. Alexander	Wills, Private, Legal History
Kevin M. Clermont	Procedure
Theodore Eisenberg	Law & Social Science, Business, Public
James A. Henderson	Private
Jonathan R. Macey	Business, Law & Econ
Stewart J. Schwab	Law & Social Science, Labor/Employment
Steven H. Shiffrin	Public
Robert S. Summers	Business, Jurisprudence

10. University of Michigan

Faculty member	Areas
Evan Caminker	Public
Edward H. Cooper	Procedure
Steven P. Croley	Private, Ad & Environ
Samuel R. Gross	Criminal, Law & Social Science
* Yale Kamisar	Criminal
James E. Krier	Private, Ad & Environ, Law & Econ
Richard O. Lempert	Law & Social Science, Procedure
* Catharine MacKinnon	Critical Theories, Public
Carl E. Schneider	Legal Ethics, Health, Public
A.W.B. Simpson	Legal History
Peter Westen	Criminal, Procedure, Jurisprudence
James Boyd White	Law & Literature
James J. White	Business

11. University of Texas, Austin

Faculty member	Areas
Lynn A. Baker	Public, Law & Econ, Legal Ethics
Philip C. Bobbitt	Public
Frank B. Cross	Law & Econ, Environmental, Public
Lino A. Graglia	Public
* Robert W. Hamilton	Business
Douglas Laycock	Public, Private, Procedure
Sanford Levinson	Public
Thomas O. McGarity	Environmental, Public
Linda S. Mullenix	Procedure
Lucas A. Powe, Jr.	Public
John A. Robertson	Public, Health
Lawrence G. Sager	Public
Gerald Torres	Environmental, Critical Theories
* Russell Weintraub	Procedure
Jay L. Westbrook	Business
Mark G. Yudof	Public

11. University of Virginia

Faculty member	Areas
Kenneth S. Abraham	Private, Law & Econ
* Vincent Blasi	Public
Curtis A. Bradley	International
Jack L. Goldsmith III	International
John C. Jeffries, Jr.	Public
Edmund W. Kitch	IP, Law & Econ
Michael J. Klarman	Legal History, Public
John T. Monahan	Law & Social Science
John Norton Moore	International
Jeffrey O’Connell	Private
Daniel R. Ortiz	Public
Glen O. Robinson	Public
Elizabeth S. Scott	Family
Robert E. Scott	Business, Law & Econ
Paul B. Stephan III	International
G. Edward White	Legal History

13. Northwestern University

Faculty member	Areas
Ronald J. Allen	Criminal, Procedure
Steven G. Calabresi	Public
Anthony D’Amato	International, Jurisprudence
Andrew Koppelman	Public
Fred S. McChesney	Business, Law & Econ
John O. McGinnis	Public
Martin H. Redish	Public, Procedure
Dorothy E. Roberts	Critical Theories, Criminal
David S. Ruder	Business
Richard E. Speidel	Business, Private
* Charles Taylor	Jurisprudence
Gordon Wood	Legal History

13. University of Pennsylvania

Faculty member	Areas
Anita L. Allen-Castellitto	Public, Jurisprudence
Regina Austin	Critical Theories
C. Edwin Baker	Public
Stephen B. Burbank	Procedure
* Geoffrey C. Hazard, Jr.	Procedure, Legal Ethics
Jason Scott Johnson	Law & Econ, Environmental
Seth F. Kreimer	Public
Charles W. Mooney, Jr.	Business
Paul H. Robinson	Criminal
Edward B. Rock	Business
Edward L. Rubin	Business, Public

15. Duke University

Faculty member	Areas
Katharine T. Bartlett	Critical Theories
James D.A. Boyle	IP, Critical Theories
Michael H. Bradley	Business
James D. Cox	Business
Jerome M. Culp	Critical Theories
* Walter E. Dellinger III	Public
Deborah A. DeMott	Business, Private
H. Jefferson Powell	Public
Jerome H. Reichman	IP
Thomas D. Rowe, Jr.	Procedure
William W. van Alstyne	Public
Neil Vidmar	Law & Social Science

15. University of Colorado, Boulder

Faculty member	Areas
Harold H. Bruff	Public
David H. Getches	Environmental
Lakshman D. Guruswamy	Environmental
Christopher B. Mueller	Procedure
Robert F. Nagel	Public
Pierre J. Schlag	Critical Theories
Charles F. Wilkinson	Environmental, Public

15. University of Miami

Faculty member	Areas
Anthony V. Alfieri	Legal Ethics, Critical Theories
Mary Irene Coombs	Criminal
John Hart Ely	Public
Marc A. Fajer	Public, Critical Theories
A. Michael Froomkin	IP, Public
Michael H. Graham	Procedure
Martha Mahoney	Family, Critical Theories
Jonathan S. Simon	Law & Social Science, Criminal
Francisco X. Valdes	Critical Theories
* William Twining	Jurisprudence
Bruce J. Winick	Criminal, Law & Social Science

18. Emory University

Faculty member	Areas
David J. Bederman	International
Harold J. Berman	Comparative, Legal History
Anita Bernstein	Private, Critical Theories
William J. Carney	Business
Martha Fineman	Family, Critical Theories
Peter Hay	Comparative, Procedure
William T. Mayton	Public
Michael J. Perry	Public
Paul H. Rubin	Law & Econ
John Witte, Jr.	Law & Religion

18. University of California, Los Angeles

Faculty member	Areas
Richard L. Abel	Law & Social Science, Critical Theories, Legal Ethics
Stephen Bainbridge	Business
* Kimberle Crenshaw	Critical Theories
Stephen A. Gardbaum	Public, Comparative, Jurisprudence
Kenneth W. Graham, Jr.	Procedure
Joel F. Handler	Public
Cheryl Harris	Critical Theories
Russell B. Korobkin	Law & Econ, Private
Christine Littleton	Critical Theories
Lynn M. LoPucki	Business
Daniel Hays Lowenstein	Public
Frances E. Olson	Critical Theories
William B. Rubenstein	Public
Lynn Stout	Business
Eugene Volokh	Public
Stephen C. Yeazell	Procedure

20. George Washington University

Faculty member	Areas
Jerome A. Barron	Public
Paul Butler	Critical Theories, Criminal
Robert J. Cottrol	Legal History, Public
Charles B. Craver	Labor, ADR
Jack H. Friedenthal	Procedure
William E. Kovacic	Business
Ira C. Lupu	Public
Lawrence E. Mitchell	Business
Thomas D. Morgan	Business
Sean D. Murphy	International
Richard J. Pierce, Jr.	Public
Jeffrey Rosen	Public
Stephen A. Saltzburg	Criminal, Procedure
Michael L. Selmi	Critical Theories, Public
Louis B. Sohn	International
Jonathan R. Turley	Public

21. University of Illinois

Faculty member	Areas
William J. Davey	International
Matthew W. Finkin	Labor/Employment
Kit Kinports	Criminal
Richard H. McAdams	Law & Econ, Criminal
Michael S. Moore	Criminal, Jurisprudence
Richard W. Painter	Business, Legal Ethics
Larry E. Ribstein	Business
Thomas Ulen	Law & Econ

21. University of Southern California

Faculty member	Areas
Alexander M. Capron	Health
Erwin Chemerinsky	Public, Procedure
Susan R. Estrich	Public, Critical Theories
Elizabeth Garrett	Public
Gillian K. Hadfield	Law & Econ
Edward J. McCaffery	Tax
W. David Slawson	Private
Matthew L. Spitzer	Law & Econ, Public
Christopher D. Stone	Environmental
Eric L. Talley	Law & Econ, Business
Charles H. Whitebread	Criminal

23. George Mason University

Faculty member	Areas
David E. Bernstein	Public, Legal History
Ernest Gellhorn	Public, Business
Mark F. Grady	Law & Econ, Private
Bruce Kobayashi	Law & Econ, Business
Nelson Lund	Public, Law & Econ
Daniel D. Polsby	Law & Econ, Public
Ronald D. Rotunda	Public, Legal Ethics
Maxwell L. Stearns	Public, Law & Econ
Gordon Tullock	Law & Econ
Todd J. Zywicki	Law & Econ, Business

23. Vanderbilt University

Faculty member	Areas
James F. Blumstein	Health
James W. Ely, Jr.	Legal History
Nancy J. King	Criminal
Harold G. Maier	International
Robert K. Rasmussen	Business, Law & Econ
Suzanna Sherry	Public
Kent D. Syverud	Legal Ethics, Private
Randall S. Thomas	Business
Robert B. Thompson	Business
Nicholas S. Zeppos	Public

25. Arizona State University

Faculty member	Areas
Robert N. Clinton	Public, Legal History
Ira Mark Ellman	Family
Robert A. Gorman	IP, Labor
Owen D. Jones	Law & Science
Dennis S. Karjala	Business
David Kaye	Procedure, Law & Science
Jeffrie G. Murphy	Jurisprudence, Criminal
Michael J. Saks	Law & Social Science, Procedure
Rebecca Tsosie	Public

25. Boston University

Faculty member	Areas
George J. Annas	Health
Randy E. Barnett	Public, Private
Robert G. Bone	Procedure, IP
Wendy J. Gordon	IP
Keith N. Hylton	Law & Econ
Susan P. Koniak	Legal Ethics
Andrew Kull	Private, Legal History
Gary S. Lawson	Public
David B. Lyons	Jurisprudence
Tracey Maclin	Criminal
Nancy J. Moore	Legal Ethics
Maureen O’Rourke	IP
Kenneth Simons	Criminal
Larry W. Yackle	Public

25. Brooklyn Law School

Faculty member	Areas
Margaret A. Berger	Procedure
Neil B. Cohen	Business
Nan D. Hunter	Public
Roberta S. Karmel	Business
Michael P. Madow	Public
Gary Minda	Critical Theories
Norman S. Poser	Business
Elizabeth M. Schneider	Public, Critical Theories
Anthony J. Sebok	Private, Jurisprudence
Lawrence M. Solan	Public
Aaron D. Twerski	Private

25. University of Arizona

Faculty member	Areas
Jean Braucher	Business
Gabriel Chin	Critical Theories, Public
Dan B. Dobbs	Private
Toni M. Massaro	Procedure, Criminal, Critical Theories
Bruce Sales	Law & Social Science, Criminal
Ted Schneyer	Legal Ethics
Elliott J. Weiss	Business
* David B. Wexler	Law & Social Science, Criminal
Robert Williams	Critical Theories, Public

25. University of Minnesota

Faculty member	Areas
Dan L. Burk	IP
Jim Chen	Public
Donald A. Dripps	Criminal
Barry C. Feld	Criminal
Mary Louise Fellowws	Wills, Critical Theories
Alex M. Johnson	Critical Theories
John H. Matheson	Business
David McGowan	IP, Law & Econ
Michael Stokes Paulsen	Public
E. Thomas Sullivan	Business
Michael Tonry	Criminal
David Weissbrodt	Public

30. University of Pittsburgh

Faculty member	Areas
Douglas M. Branson	Business
Pat K. Chew	Critical Theories
Richard Delgado	Critical Theories, Public
Lawrence A. Frolik	Elderlaw
Jules L. Lobel	Labor, Critical Theories
Alan Meisel	Health
John T. Parry	Health, Public
Welsh S. White	Criminal

30. University of San Diego

Faculty member	Areas
Larry Alexander	Public, Criminal, Jurisprudence
Roy L. Brooks	Critical Theories, Procedure
Ralph H. Folsom	International
* Yale Kamisar	Criminal
Sai Prakash	Public, Business
Michael Rappaport	Public
Daniel B. Rodriguez	Public
Bernard H. Siegan	Public
Steven D. Smith	Public
Thomas A. Smith	Business, Law & Econ
Lawrence Solum	Public, Jurisprudence, IP
Fred C. Zacharias	Legal Ethics

30. Washington University, St. Louis

Faculty member	Areas
Kathleen F. Brickey	Criminal
Rebecca Dresser	Bioethics
Lee Epstein	Public, Law & Social Science
Barbara J. Flagg	Critical Theories
John Owen Haley	Comparative
Daniel L. Keating	Business
Stephen H. Legomsky	Immigration
Ronald M. Levin	Criminal
Daniel R. Mandelker	Environmental, Private
Joel Seligman	Business

33. Cardozo Law School/Yeshiva University

Faculty member	Areas
Lester Brickman	Legal Ethics
David Gray Carlson	Business, Critical Theories
Marci A. Hamilton	IP, Public
Michael E. Herz	Public, Environmental
Michel Rosenfeld	Public, Critical Theories
Barry C. Scheck	Criminal, Procedure
Jeanne Schroeder	Critical Theories
Stewart E. Sterk	Wills, Private
Paul R. Verkuil	Public
Richard H. Weisberg	Public, Law & Literature

33. Chicago-Kent College of Law

Faculty member	Areas
Lori B. Andrews	Bioethics
David J. Gerber	Comparative
Steven L. Harris	Business
Harold J. Krent	Public
Martin H. Malin	Labor/Employment
Sheldon H. Nahmod	Public
Henry H. Perritt, Jr.	IP
A. Dan Tarlock	Environmental
Richard W. Wright	Private, Jurisprudence

33. Fordham University

Faculty member	Areas
Daniel J. Capra	Criminal, Procedure
Mary C. Daly	Legal Ethics
Deborah W. Denno	Criminal
John D. Feerick	Public
Jill E. Fisch	Business
Martin S. Flaherty	Public, Legal History
James Fleming	Public
Bruce A. Green	Legal Ethics
Abner S. Greene	Public
Russell G. Pearce	Legal Ethics
Joseph M. Perillo	Private
Joel R. Reidenberg	IP
Steve Thel	Business
William Treanor	Public
Benjamin C. Zipursky	Private, Jurisprudence

33. Ohio State University

Faculty member	Areas
James J. Brudney	Labor, Law & Social Science
Martha E. Chamallas	Critical Theories
Ruth Colker	Critical Theories, Public
Joshua Dressler	Criminal
Katherine Hunt Federle	Family, Criminal
Edward B. Foley	Public
Deborah Jones Merritt	Law & Social Science, Public
Dale Oesterle	Business
john a. powell	Critical Theories
Peter Shane	Public
Peter P. Swire	IP, Business
Douglas J. Whaley	Business

33. University of Iowa

Faculty member	Areas
David C. Baldus	Criminal, Public
Randall P. Bezanson	Public
Peter D. Blanck	Law & Social Science
Arthur Earl Bonfield	Public
Margaret F. Brinig	Family, Law & Econ
Steven J. Burton	Private, Jurisprudence
Patricia A. Cain	Critical Theories
Herbert Hovenkamp	Business, Legal History
Kenneth J. Kress	Jurisprudence, Health
Adrian K. Wing	Critical Theories

38. University of California, Davis

Faculty member	Areas
John D. Ayer	Business
Alan E. Brownstein	Public, Private
Robert W. Hillman	Business, Private
Bill Ong Hing	Critical Theories
Edward J. Imwinkelried	Procedure
Kevin R. Johnson	Public, Critical Theories
Bruce A. Wolk	Wills

38. University of California, Hastings

Faculty member	Areas
Vikram D. Amar	Public
David L. Faigman	Procedure
Joseph R. Grodin	Public
Mary Kay Kane	Procedure
Charles Lincoln Knapp	Private
John D. Leshy	Environmental
Richard L. Marcus	Procedure
Calvin R. Massey	Public
Ugo A. Mattei	Comparative, Law & Econ
Roger C. Park	Procedure
Naomi Roht-Arriaza	International
D. Kelly Weisberg	Family, Critical Theories

38. University of Wisconsin, Madison

Faculty member	Areas
Ann Althouse	Procedure, Critical Theories
Howard S. Erlanger	Law & Social Science
Linda S. Greene	Public
Neil K. Komesar	Public, Law & Econ
Herbert M. Kritzer	Law & Social Science
Jane E. Larson	Critical Theories
Stewart Macaulay	Private, Law & Social Science
Thomas M. Palay	Legal Ethics
Joel E. Rogers	Public
Jane S. Schacter	Public
D. Gordon Smith	Business
David M. Trubek	Critical Theories

Other Schools Studied:

Boston College

Faculty member	Areas
Mark S. Brodin	Procedure
Daniel R. Coquillette	Legal History
Lawrence A. Cunningham	Business
John H. Garvey	Public
Sanford N. Katz	Family
Paul R. McDaniel	Tax
Zygmunt Plater	Environmental
Catherine Wells	Critical Theories, Jurisprudence
David A. Wirth	International

College of William & Mary

Faculty member	Areas
Peter A. Alces	Business, Private
Neal E. Devins	Public
Michael Gerhardt	Public
Charles H. Koch	Public
Linda A. Malone	Environmental
Paul Marcus	Criminal
Ronald H. Rosenberg	Environmental, Public

Indiana University, Bloomington

Faculty member	Areas
Alfred C. Aman, Jr.	Public
John S. Applegate	Environmental
Craig M. Bradley	Criminal
Fred H. Cate	IP, Public
Daniel O. Conkle	Public
Kenneth Dau-Schmidt	Labor, Law & Econ
Marshall Leaffer	IP
Lauren K. Robel	Public, Procedure
Gene R. Shreve	Procedure
David C. Williams	Public
Susan H. Williams	Public, Critical Theories

Rutgers University, Camden

Faculty member	Areas
Linda S. Bosniak	Immigration
Jay M. Feinman	Private, Critical Theories
N.E.H. Hull	Legal History
Donald R. Korobkin	Business
Michael Livingston	Tax
Earl M. Maltz	Public, Legal History
Dennis M. Patterson	Business, Private, Jurisprudence
Rand E. Rosenblatt	Health, Critical Theories
Allan R. Stein	Procedure
Robert F. Williams	Public

Rutgers University, Newark

Faculty member	Areas
Alfred W. Blumrosen	Public
Norman L. Cantor	Public
Sherry F. Colb	Criminal
Gary L. Francione	Public, Critical Theories
Alan Hyde	Law & Social Science, Labor, Critical Theories
Howard A. Latin	Environmental
John Leubsdorf	Procedure
Twila L. Perry	Family
James Gray Pope	Public, Legal History
George C. Thomas III	Criminal

University of Florida, Gainesville

Faculty member	Areas
Thomas F. Cotter	IP
Nancy E. Dowd	Critical Theories
Michael W. Gordon	International
Jeffrey L. Harrison	Business, Law & Econ
Berta Hernandez-Truyol	Critical Theories
Jerold H. Israel	Criminal
Robert Jerry	Insurance
Joseph W. Little	Private
Lawrence Lokken	Tax
Lars Noah	Public, Health
William H. Page	Business
Juan F. Perea	Critical Theories
Sharon E. Rush	Public, Critical Theories
Christopher Slobogin	Criminal
Walter O. Weyrauch	Family, Comparative
Barbara Bennett Woodhouse	Family, Critical Theories

University of North Carolina

Faculty member	Areas
John O. Calmore	Critical Theories
Marion G. Crain	Public
Adrienne D. Davis	Legal History, Critical Theories
Thomas L. Hazen	Business
Donald T. Hornstein	Environmental
Arnold H. Loewy	Criminal
William P. Marshall	Public
Hiroshi Motomura	Immigration
Gene R. Nichol, Jr.	Public, Procedure
John V. Orth	Legal History
Gerald J. Postema	Jurisprudence, Legal Ethics

University of Notre Dame

Faculty member	Areas
G. Robert Blakey	Criminal
Gerard V. Bradley	Public
* John Finnis	Jurisprudence
Alan Gunn	Tax
Donald P. Kommers	Comparative
John Copeland Nagle	IP
Dinah L. Shelton	International
Jay Tidmarsh	Procedure

Washington & Lee University

Faculty member	Areas
David S. Caudill	Critical Theories
Margaret Howard	Business
Lyman Johnson	Business
Timothy S. Jost	Health
Frederic L. Kirgis	International
Ronald J. Krotoszynski, Jr.	Public
David Millon	Business
Scott E. Sundby	Public, Criminal

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